Christmas in the Trenches
Christmas
IN THE
TRENCHES
Christmas
IN THE
TRENCHES
ALAN WAKEFIELD
Front cover: Officers of the Royal Field Artillery with their Christmas mail bag, December 1917 (Q 8346, Imperial War Museum).
Back cover: Top to bottom, Christmas card produced by the 53rd Battalion, Australian Imperial Force, 1918. (Private Collection). Christmas card produced for the 56th (London) Division, 1917. (Private Collection).
First published in 2006
This edition published in 2010
The History Press
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This ebook edition first published in 2013
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©Alan Wakefield, 2006, 2010, 2013
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Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1.
The First Christmas: 1914
2.
Christmas 1915
3.
Christmas 1916
4.
Christmas 1917
5.
Peace at Last! Christmas 1918
Postscript
Notes
Sources
Acknowledgements
I would like to take the opportunity to thank a number of people whose assistance made the research for and writing of this book a relatively straightforward task. Firstly, Anthony Richards of the Imperial War Museum’s Department of Documents, who not only kept up with my call for collections of letters and diaries, but also took on the task of proof-reading the first draft of my manuscript. I would also like to thank Nina Burls from the RAF Museum’s Department of Research and Information Services for helping me access the Roscoe collection. Staff of the National Archives must also be thanked for facilitating access to the battalion, brigade and divisional war diaries in their charge.
Access to the written material is only half the story and I acknowledge the permission given by copyright holders to reproduce material in this book, without which the project could not have been completed. Alongside the numerous individual copyright holders are the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum and the Director and Council of the National Army Museum, who hold copyright over a number of the accounts used in the book. I was kindly assisted in accessing material held by Harrods by company archivist Sebastian Wormell.
The following individuals also deserve a mention either for loaning me original material or for their kind offers of support and encouragement; John and Tony Begg, Malcolm Brown, Anna De, Bruce Dennis, Francis Mackay and Peter Saunders. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Julie for assisting with the book and for putting up with losing me to the computer on numerous evenings and weekends.
Introduction
The outbreak of war in August 1914 was generally greeted by the peoples of the European great powers with enthusiasm and euphoria. Patriotism surged through the nations of Europe and a sense of national unity manifested itself even in countries such as Austria-Hungary and Russia, where deep-seated political and social divisions existed that had not long before looked likely to split these nations apart or lead to civil war and revolution. Instead, political ceasefires were called as everyone lined up behind the governments and ruling elites of the day. Both war planners, political leaders and the populace at large believed the war would be short and victorious for their side. In any case, many believed that it would be impossible for modern industrial nations to fight a long war because of the disruption this would bring to their economies, which were linked in a highly interdependent system of international trade. Few had the foresight to see that once the resources of modern industrial states were fully harnessed for war a very different outcome could follow.
In Britain the phrase ‘all over by Christmas’ was much uttered, and similar stock phrases could no doubt be found for the other warring nations. However, there would be almost another four wartime Christmases to follow that first one before the conflict was resolved. The war grew to encompass the Mediterranean, Middle East and Africa and became a more industrialised and intensive conflict through the ever growing use of artillery and the introduction of such weapons as gas, tanks and purpose-built bombing aircraft. Through all this the citizen soldier, who made up the bulk of most of the armies, whether he be a volunteer, conscript or reservist recalled to the colours, found solace in many of the simple things in life that could, even for a short time, take his mind off the situation in which he found himself and brought forward thoughts of home, family and life before the war. Christmas, an important annual celebration and holiday in many of the combatant nations, provided an obvious opportunity for troops to focus on something other than the war. Although birthdays and other personal celebrations provided important links with home and a chance for soldiers to celebrate, the ‘national’ and ‘international’ status of Christmas allowed for large-scale festivities involving whole battalions or regiments. Such activities, generally taking place behind the lines when units were on rest, were encouraged by the High Command as morale-boosting exercises; the troops were given time off, plentiful food and drink and organised activities such as sport and concerts.
If sharing Christmas cheer with your comrades and allies was actively supported by the military authorities, then attempts to share the compliments of the season with the enemy was viewed with great alarm by senior officers and war leaders as they feared their troops’ fighting spirit would be undermined by fraternising and temporary truces with the enemy. Following the events of the now famous Christmas Truce of 1914, extensively covered in the excellent book by Malcolm Brown and Shirley Seaton,1 much effort was expended to prevent such contacts being established again. Although these worked to a large extent, limited open contacts with the enemy and a whole system of more covert trucing, which became known as the ‘live and let live’ system, developed between soldiers sharing the same conditions and hardships in the front line.2
Through the use of photographs, illustrations and the words of soldiers themselves this book will attempt to give a flavour of how Christmas was celebrated by British forces during the First World War. The objective is to look beyond the 1914 Christmas Truce, by covering the following four years and the experiences of those serving in theatres of war beyond France and Flanders, such as Gallipoli, Italy, Mesopotamia, Palestine and Salonika. In this way the book provides a glimpse of the different Christmas experiences a soldier could have during the four years of war. There are accounts by those serving behind the lines, the wounded in hospital, prisoners of war, men training in Great Britain and those on garrison duty in that jewel in the crown of the British Empire, India. Christmas 1918 is also included as many troops were still overseas awaiting demobilisation, on duty with forces of occupation in Germany, Turkey, Bulgaria and parts of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire or fighting against the Bolsheviks in various parts of R
ussia. This qualifies it very much as a ‘wartime’ Christmas and thus worthy of inclusion here. Each year of the war is given a chapter in which an overview of the progress of the conflict provides the background against which the words of the soldiers and illustrative material tell the story of Christmas in the trenches from 1914 to 1918.
Each first-hand account used in this book is referenced by the individual’s name and unit and the repository in which the material is held. Footnotes cover only published works or where a specific letter or other document from a larger collection has been cited. In the text, each account is accompanied by the name of the individual or unit to which it relates. All ranks and unit designations used relate to the time of the events described. Unless stated otherwise, illustrative material comes from the Photographs Archive and Department of Documents at the Imperial War Museum.
The First Christmas: 1914
In offering to the Army in France my earnest and most heartfelt good wishes for Xmas and the New Year, I am anxious once more to express the admiration I feel for the valour and endurance they have displayed throughout the campaign and to assure them that to have commanded such magnificent troops in the field will be the proudest remembrance of my life.
Sir John French’s Special Order of the Day, issued to the BEF, 25 December 1914
In December 1914, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was holding a line some 30 miles in length from St Eloi, just south of Ypres, down to Givenchy on the La Bassée Canal. Crossing much of the area was a system of drainage ditches and watercourses that prevented this low-lying land from flooding. Unfortunately, artillery fire and the construction of trenches had damaged much of this network with the result that, once the winter weather arrived, the area began to be transformed into a morass. The hastily dug trenches offered little in the way of comfort:
I have just come out of 2 days and 2 nights in the trenches. I wonder how many people realize what the trenches are like. In some newspapers one sees accounts of hot soup and wonderful fires etc. In some places the mud came over my knees. This is not exaggerated. In most places over ones ankles. The first night it was horrid, raining all night. No room to move. It is really wonderful what the Tommy stands . . . You should have seen us coming out – all mud from head to foot, sore feet and heavy equipment. But are we downhearted? Not one!1 (2/Lt Wilbert Spencer, 2nd Wiltshires)
As both sides struggled to keep their trenches dry the intensity of trench fighting died down and small-scale ad hoc truces began to occur in some sectors of the line with both sides refraining from firing during mealtimes and at ration-carrying parties. Following spells of the worst weather, small working parties on each side could be observed working in the open repairing trenches and breastworks with little interference from those on the ‘other side of the wire’. The closeness and constant presence of the enemy in trench warfare bred a curiousness and realisation that the enemy was suffering exactly the same conditions. Through this the ‘live and let live system’ started to develop, whereby many opposing units made daily life more bearable by reducing the general level of violence:
Things up here are very quiet – in my part of the line the trenches are only 50 or 60 yards apart in places, and we can hear the Germans talking. They often shout to us in English and we respond with cries of ‘waiter’. There was one fellow who had a fire with a tin chimney sticking up over the parapet and our men were having shots at it with their rifles. After each shot the German waved a stick or rang a bell according to whether we hit the chimney or not! There are lots of amusing incidents up there and altogether we have quite a cheery time our worst trouble is the wet and mud which is knee-deep in some places.2 (2/Lt Dougan Chater, 2nd Gordon Highlanders)
This is not to say that troops were guaranteed a quiet time in the line. Artillery bombardments still fell on occasion, although a shell shortage generally confined heavy gunfire to offensive operations and trench raids. Of greater concern were snipers who, during this relatively quiet period, were usually waiting to account for the unwary and the careless. At Fleurbaix for example:
These snipers seldom missed. Their guns were fixed during the day to aim at a certain spot, and then during the hours of darkness they would fire at short irregular intervals, hoping to catch some of us who were moving about. Shallow parts of the trench and the holes in the convent wall immediately behind us were their favourite targets. Working and ration parties used to congregate behind the wall, owing to the communication trenches being full of water, and woe betide anyone who forgot for a moment and in the darkness stood in a gap in the wall instead of actually behind it . . . (Pte W.A. Quinton, 2nd Bedfords)
With the realisation that they would still be on active service over Christmas, the soldiers’ thoughts naturally turned to home and to how they could best celebrate the festive season under such trying circumstances:
I should like the pudding sent off soon or else it may not reach me in time for Christmas. I don’t know whether I shall be able to eat it on Christmas Day or not, it all depends on whether we happen to be in the trenches or not on that day. If we are not we will have pheasant and the puddings which will be very near the ordinary Christmas fare except for the company and the decorations but still we shall have to institute another Christmas when we come back and have all the festivities over again.3 (Rfm Richard Lintott, 1/5th Londons)
Parcels and Christmas gifts would not only come from families and friends; regimental associations, counties, towns and cities also supplied their fighting men with useful articles. Rfm Lintott, for example, received three khaki handkerchiefs, a tin of Abdullah cigarettes, a cigarette lighter and writing paper from the people of Horsham and a ½ lb tin of butter, a tin of milk, a tin of cocoa, a handkerchief and a case of writing material from his regiment. Among the gifts came one of the most enduring mementos of the First World War, the Princess Mary Gift Box. This was to be given to all those wearing the King’s uniform on Christmas Day 1914: some 2,620,019 men in total. With such a huge number of gift boxes and their contents to be manufactured, distribution priority was given to members of the BEF in France and the Royal Navy. In total some 426,724 boxes were received on Christmas Day, the remainder being issued subsequently.4 That this gift, along with a Christmas card from the King and Queen, was appreciated by the troops is shown by the mentions it receives in letters, diaries and memoirs as well as the fact that many men repacked the tins and sent them home to their families for safe keeping.
The arrival of Princess Mary’s gift coincided with one of the most widely known events of the war, the Christmas Truce. Until the evening of 24 December the weather had been generally very wet. However Christmas Eve brought a sharp frost, causing the ground to harden and thus easing mobility, a factor that would prove important the following day. As Christmas drew near even headquarters slackened their workloads; for example, at 4th Division HQ a communication was sent out to all units stating that owing to Christmas the divisional signals service would only deal with priority messages during the night of 25–26 December.5 For British troops in many parts of the line, strange activity on the part of the Germans soon became apparent:
As darkness came on lights were seen in the German lines in the Rue du Bois, at first our fellows fired at them and the Germans put them out – gradually the firing died down, and all the enemy sniping ceased. The silence was almost uncanny and we were all very suspicious and extra vigilant, expecting some trick. Later on lights began to appear in the German trenches and their whole line was illuminated. I think they had hoisted lanterns on tall poles on their parapet and in their trenches. After that they began to sing . . . finishing up with the Wacht am Rhein, the German and Austrian national anthems. They sang beautifully the whole effect was weird in the extreme. They then started shouting remarks across to us which we replied, but I could not hear what was said. I think everyone felt very homesick on Xmas Eve. Thoughts of our families at home were uppermost in our minds.
The night passed without a shot being fired on
either side. Our sentries were however extra vigilant and I felt quite uneasy at the strange silence. (Maj Q. Henriques, 1/16th Londons)
The activity opposite the 1/16th Londons stopped some men from the battalion giving the Germans a special seasonal gift:
We had decided to give the Germans a Christmas present of 3 carols and 5 rounds rapid. Accordingly as soon as night fell we started and the strains of ‘While Shepherds’ (beautifully rendered by the choir) arose upon the air. We finished that and paused preparatory to giving the 2nd item on the programme, but lo! We heard answering strains arising from their lines. Also they started shouting across to us. Therefore we stopped any hostile operations and commenced to shout back. One of them shouted ‘A Merry Christmas English, we’re not shooting tonight’. We yelled back a similar message and from that time on until we were relieved on Boxing morning at 4am not a shot was fired. After this shouting had gone on for some time they stuck up a light. Not to be out done so did we. Then up went another, so we shoved up another. Soon the two lines looked like an illuminated fete. Opposite me they had one lamp and 9 candles in a row. And we had all the candles and lights we could muster stuck on our bayonets above the parapet. At 12.00 we sang ‘God save the King’ and with the exception of the sentries turned in.6 (Rfm Ernest Morley, 1/16th Londons)
With generally friendly relations established through the previous evening’s verbal advances the scene was set for the more adventurous souls on each side to move the truce to another level:
On Christmas Day the Germans stuck up a white light and shouted that if we refrained from firing they would do the same. We did so and people started showing themselves over the trenches and waving to each other. Shortly 2 Germans advanced unarmed towards our trenches and our men did the same. They met ½ way and shook hands, exchanged cigarettes and cigars and souvenirs and soon there was quite a big crowd between the trenches, we 3 included. Russell was introduced to a barber in the Strand named Liddle (spelling phonetic). Another German asked Russell in good English if he would like to go home. Russell asked him where he lived and the chap said London and hoped he would soon be able to return there. Both sides then buried the dead whom they had been unable to get at before, after which the Germans were ordered back to their trenches. Both sides continued to expose themselves, however, and to hold amiable conversations, and when we were relieved this morning not a shot had been fired on either side in our trenches though we could hear firing on both flanks and the artillery were bombarding each other over our heads.7 (Rfm Jack Chappell, 1/5th Londons)